What science says about happy, naughty dogs

 Bored and lonely dogs may end up barking inappropriately. Photo: 123rf.com

 

Dogs have lived with us for 20,000 to 40,000 years but we’re still having heated discussions about chewing, stealing and messy eating. Thankfully, dog lovers do get to grips with these issues and behavioural science is helping to suss out underlying issues.

The furry thief

Minnie is a sweet little thief. — Molly OoiMinnie is a sweet little thief. — Molly Ooi >>

Molly Ooi who lives in Penang has had a steady procession of rescue animals living with her all her life. Her pets have the run of the house and garden, and are never caged or chained. As such, they have plenty of scope getting into mischief.

“All of our pets have their little habits, but one of the sweetest little thieves has to be Minnie, the Pinscher-mix, ” Ooi recalls.

“Although small, she decided early on that she was queen of the house. She was very good about our things, but anything that landed on the floor, she considered hers. Whenever she came across a dropped rubber, pencil, ruler or other item, she’d quietly pick it up and hide it under her mattress.”

The humans figured out soon enough where their belongings were disappearing to. When conducting mattress searches, just like in the films, they’d lecture the little dog.

“When we’d tell her it was our stuff and she wasn’t to take it, she’d listen and look apologetic. She’d stop a while too. But then she’d very quietly revert to old habits, ” Ooi laughs.

For us, the concept of ownership is clear, and guilt is a response to having done something wrong. For Minnie, ownership was established along the line of "finders keepers". So did she understand what her humans were saying? And do dogs feel guilt?

That apologetic look, flat ears and big eyes, has been the focus of several studies recently, and animal behaviourists now believe that this part of our communication is still misunderstood.

In an elegant study in 2015, Alexandra Horowitz, associate professor of psychology at Barnard College, New York, presented a group of pet dogs with an opportunity to steal treats. Then she videotaped owners either pretending not to know or pretending to scold their dogs.

The dogs reacted with the apologetic look only when the owners were visibly upset. As such, Horowitz suggests that pets don’t feel guilty. However, they do know when we are upset. Also, they learn that the big eyes and flat ears make us smile.

So, in effect, our pets are saying, “You’re upset, and I’ve no idea why, but hey, let me do this so we can smile again.”

The messy eaters

Jolene Tan, Sustainable Lifestyle and Mental Health Advocate living in Klang, has five dogs: Coco, Happy, Marco, Cookie and Butter. The little one, Butter, is a Toy Poodle just six months old.

“Toy Poodles are like children; they play with their food before they eat. Butter takes her food out of the bowl, puts it on the floor and makes a mess. I think she wants to play with it, and maybe she wants attention too.”

Cookie and Butter, messy eaters. Photo: Jolene Tan

Animal behavourists point out that play in wild dogs is significantly different from play in pets. Current theory is that this is partly due to our preference for breeding animals that retain puppy behaviour into adulthood, and partly because dogs are very social and are therefore keen to bond with us, their human families.

An excellent paper by vets John Bradshaw, Anne Pullen and Nicola Rooney at the University of Bristol, England, points out that pet dogs use play in complex ways. Sometimes it’s about prey instinct but more often it’s social. Interestingly, dogs also have pretend-play like little human kids where adult dogs pretend to be puppies and puppies pretend to be adult dogs. Dogs also watch and copy games they see other pets and humans play.

Dogs may play with food out of a predatory hunting instinct or because they are bored.

Interestingly, there is a third possibility. Dogs also learn very quickly how to get attention from their humans. So when clever pups learn that putting their food on the floor has their best human over to look, the doggo sees dinner time as a pawsome bonding opportunity.

Put it into context with the mismatch in communication, and it may be that we humans say, “Oh lord, you are a messy pup” is interpreted by our pets as, “Let’s have a happy time together messing about with meat!”

The destructive chewer

Josephine Lui, a consultant image professional in Selangor, lives with Benji, who is 12 years old. Although Ben is now a beautifully behaved gentleman, he was a super naughty pup with a strong chew instinct.

“I adopted Benji from the SPCA when he was about one year old, ” Lui remembers. “He chewed shoes but also the autogate wire.

<< Benji was a big chewer when he was a pup. — Josephine Lui

“After we had to get it fixed, I put up bricks to conceal the wiring. Five minutes later, Benji had removed the bricks and chewed again.

“I then found a plastic cover that protected the wiring, and he was okay – until we went out. The second we were out of the gate, he chewed off the cover and the wire.

“We had to embed the wiring into the wall, cementing it in. But when friends came, he chewed their shoes. He only chewed the soles, not the top, and one shoe out of each pair – but our guests were not happy. But he’s a dog, right?’

Unfortunately, Benji wasn’t interested in chew toys. So Lui tried training. “Of course, don’t hit or scold, as he won’t understand. He’s a dog and they chew. What I did was watch, and when he chewed something forbidden, I would put him on the leash for an hour.”

It took some months but it worked and adult Benji is a Good Boy.

All dogs chew and they must do so for their physical and mental health. In the wild, adult dogs gnaw on bones for fun and relaxation but also to keep their teeth and gums clean. Likewise, pet adult dogs need a steady supply of bones and dental chews in order to keep them happy and to prevent periodontal disease.

For dogs under two years old, there are three chewing stages. Tiny puppies get their milk teeth when they are two to three weeks old. Their adult teeth grow in when they are about four four months old.

During both times, your pet’s gums hurt and chewing helps relieve the pain. So, it’s really important to have chew toys and bones around 24/7 – just like human babies need their teething rings.

When your puppy is about eight months old, it should have adult teeth. However, over the next 12 months or so, the teeth have to be set firmly into the jawbone. Again, this takes more chewing.

Basically, any young dog is going to chew. A lot. And while you can distract dogs with toys, and put your shoes up high, you can expect some destruction.

Stopping unwanted behaviour

It is not possible to train a dog to be un-doglike. However, below are tips to eliminate undesirable canine behaviour:

Be reasonable. Dogs will chew, shed, drool, bark, run around, and be their canine selves. Also, puppies are like tiny babies. Don’t expect amazing behaviour instantly.

Never punish. Hitting or shouting just makes your pet afraid of you. It’s not just cruel; it’s not useful. Instead, redirect behaviour and reward-wanted behaviour.

For example, your pet will chew, it has to obey its natural instinct and have healthy teeth and gums. So watch your puppy and reward it with praise and petting for chewing of bones and toys. If it takes your shoe, remove the shoe (nicely!) and hand over a chew toy. Then praise. Also remove temptation like autogate wires.

Bored and lonely dogs may end up barking inappropriately. Photo: 123rf.comBored and lonely dogs may end up barking inappropriately. Photo: 123rf.com

Be social. Dogs love company and they need it for their mental health. Bored and lonely dogs will be sad. Extreme loneliness can result in canine mental health issues, and they may end up biting their fur, barking inappropriately, and so on.

Healthy dogs need several hours a day minimum with you, and that time has to be spent bonding. For dogs, quality bonding means going out for a walk together, playing a game, or sitting together and petting. If you have only a few hours a day, get two dogs so they keep each other company.

Adopt Me

Photo: PAWS/Celine ChumPhoto: PAWS/Celine Chum

Jack is one year old, happy, healthy, vaccinated, neutered and flea-free. He is a medium-sized boy, super playful and affectionate. He enjoys walks, games and chilling with people. He is looking for a happy forever home. Interested adopters please contact PAWS Selangor and ask for Jack, Tag No: P539 (120920). Note: Due to the pandemic, please call first and make an appointment. PAWS Selangor, Pilmoor Estate, Subang Airport Road, 47200 Subang, Selangor (phone: 03-7846 1087).

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Mission to rescue stranded strays

 Volunteers travel to isle to save abandoned dogs from hunger and thirst

Mission to rescue stranded strays

 Volunteers travel to isle to save abandoned dogs from hunger and thirst

Some of the stray dogs emerging from their hiding places to eat the food brought by the independent rescuers during their rescue visit to Pulau Gazumbo. — Photos courtesy of IAPWA

 

OVER the loud rumbling of the fishing boat engine, excited barking can be heard from Pulau Gazumbo, a small uninhabited island between Penang island and mainland.

Five beautiful dogs emerge from the shade, running all the way into the water to greet the visitors.

Alone and trapped on the island with no food resources or clean water, the dogs are skinny and completely reliant on the help of local fishermen who stop to drop off food about once in 20 days.

It is believed that in total, there are 13 canines – six matured and seven puppies – but how the dogs ended up on the tiny island remains a mystery.

News of the abandoned dogs reached the ears of independent animal rescuers about two weeks ago who decided that something needed to be done.

 

A litter of puppies captured by the rescuers from the uninhabited isle and being put up for adoption.

Requests to authorities faltered as officially, Pulau Gazumbo (believed to be an island created in the early 1980s during the construction of the first Penang Bridge either by the changing of currents or by excess building materials) is under no one’s jurisdiction.


“We have heard that the dogs have been there for more than six months and the puppies look to be about two months old, ” said animal activist David Yim.


Not wanting to delay help any longer, Yim engaged a fishing boat to bring a group of rescuers to the island last week.


“We were scheduled to go on Friday but unfortunately, the fishing boat broke down on Thursday night.


There are about four to five fishermen who help the dogs when they can.


On Saturday, some of them announced that they were free in the afternoon and went on their own to try and rescue the dogs.


They managed to bring six puppies back to Penang island, ” Yim told The Star.

Without any steady source of food or drinking water, abandoned dogs on Pulau Gazumbo are extremely thin. They are sometimes fed by passing fishermen.


Alerted of their arrival by Yim, Penang Island City Council (MBPP) councillor Connie Tan, who heads the council’s Stray and Abandoned Dog Sub-committee, sent officers to receive the dogs.


“Under a collaboration with the International Aid for the Protection & Welfare of Animals (IAPWA) Penang in 2017, MBPP conducts ‘TNR’, which means ‘Trap-Neuter-Release/Rehome’.


“We first take the dogs to our veterinary unit in Jalan Sungai and after they are checked, IAPWA takes them to be neutered and hopefully, rehomed, ” Tan said.


The six rescued puppies, which IAPWA estimates to be from six to eight weeks old, are currently up for adoption.


Tan said although the area was out of their jurisdiction, the council is aiding the rescue team with cages and tools to help them capture the remaining dogs.

 

 

Two of the rescued puppies now placed in a temporary home at the MBPP’s veterinary unit in Jalan Sungai.


Yim and a small team proceeded to Pulau Gazumbo on Sunday, lugging 40kg of kibble, over 14kg of canned food and 26 litres of drinking water for the trapped animals.


On the desert island, they discovered how hot conditions are despite the splattering of greenery that survives there.


They also learned something else – how fast a scared puppy can run.


“When you look at the island from Penang Bridge, it looks small.


“But when you are running after a puppy under the sun, the area feels very big, ” Yim said, adding that the team failed in their goal of capturing the last puppy.


Undaunted, the team is set to try again today, setting off from Karpal Singh Drive.

A rescuer pouring food on a plastic sheet to feed the dogs on the isle.A rescuer pouring food on a plastic sheet to feed the dogs on the isle.


“We need to go with the fishermen because the dogs are familiar with them.


“So far, we have managed to collect donations for the food that cost about RM1,200 which we estimate to be able to last about a month, if it doesn’t rain, ” Yim said.


He added that all the fishermen journeyed to the island at their own expenses out of their concern for the stray dogs.


“We don’t know how long it will take to capture all the dogs but our first priority is to rescue the last puppy and the mother dog.


“She is the only female dog on the island and it’s important to get her spayed, ” Yim said.


Information on how to sponsor vaccinations and neutering for stray and abandoned dogs can be found on IAPWA Penang’s Facebook page.

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US can't accept painful fact that China is now its equal: Martin Jacques

Chinese diplomats state China's position in the opening remarks of the China-US high-level strategic dialogue in Anchorage, Alaska, on Thursday local time. Photo: cnsphoto

 

We learnt two things from the China-US high-level dialogue held in Alaska last week.

The first was from the session at the beginning when the media were present. This would normally be conducted in a polite and somewhat anodyne fashion dressed up in diplomatic nicety. It could not have been more different. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan commenced the proceedings and made some sharp criticisms of China. In response, Yang Jiechi, a member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Foreign Affairs, gave a bravura performance. Far from pulling his punches or couching his words in diplomatic language, he let his American counterparts have it with both barrels, challenging not just the US position but its very legitimacy. And all this before the world's media.

Let me quote some of his choice barbs: "When I entered this room, I should have reminded the US side of paying attention to its tone." "The US is not qualified to say it wants to speak to China from a position of strength." "China and the international community…uphold the UN-centered international order…not what is advocated by a small number of countries of the so-called 'rules-based' international order." "On human rights, we do hope the US will do better on human rights. The challenges facing the US in human rights are deep-seated. They did not just emerge over the past four years, such as Black Lives Matter." "On cyber-attacks, let me say that whether it's the ability to launch cyber-attacks or the technologies that could be deployed, the US is the champion." "The US does not represent international opinion and neither does the Western world."

While delivering these shots, Yang spoke with passion but never raised his voice. There were no cheap jibes. He occupied the high ground in the argument and left the Americans bewildered and belittled.

This is not normally the Chinese manner on such occasions. It is a sign that something has changed. There is a new sense of confidence on the part of the Chinese. That they are - or can - win the argument. That they are at least the equals of America. That they speak from a position of strength and America from a position of weakness. That history is on their side. It feels like the diplomatic equivalent of moving from "keeping a low profile" to "striving for achievement," or from being a relative spectator in the global system to becoming a major architect. The Americans have hitherto always thought of themselves as running the show; the shock visible in the body language of Blinken and Sullivan was the realization, conscious or unconscious, that this was no longer the case. The same was apparent in the Western media. The BBC, for example, invariably critical of China, reported it with an unfamiliar neutrality, as if stunned by the role reversal.

The second thing we found out from the dialogue (albeit already evident from the signals emanating from the White House), was that there will be no return to the status quo ante. That Biden is desperately anxious to appear as hostile to China as Trump was before him. The underlying forces at work here are very deep. America is in the process of coming to the painful realization that China is now its equal. But it cannot bring itself to accept or acquiesce in what is already an historical reality. That is why there can be no return to 1972 (Mao-Nixon Accord) or 1979 (US recognition of China). The relationship that prevailed then between China and the US was entirely different: the US was the giant, China a minnow. That was the basis of the US-China relationship for 45 years from 1972 until Trump torpedoed it in 2017, even though, of course, by the end China's rise was already undermining America's assumptions about the relationship. The realization that China was on the verge of overtaking the US economically, that China enjoyed a huge global presence, that it was already in effect its equal, came as an enormous shock to the American psyche and body politic.

Addicted to its hubris, it failed to see the blatantly obvious coming. As there can be no return to the past, the China-US relationship, so crucial to both and to the whole world, will have to be rethought on an entirely new basis, namely one of mutuality and equality. The problem is that the US is very far from thinking like this. How America needs for these times a giant like Henry Kissinger: someone who understands - and admires - China in a very profound way.

For the time being we must think in more mundane ways. Cooperation will be confined to the foothills, it will be a case of issue by issue, a bit here and a bit there, rebuilding contacts and communications between the two countries, ending as best can be done the toxicity and wanton destruction wrought by Donald Trump. Even this will not be easy but it ought, at a pinch, to be possible, with climate change offering the most important challenge and opportunity. For without cooperation between the two countries, climate change will imperil the very future of the planet and humanity.

The author was until recently a Senior Fellow at the Department of Politics and International Studies at Cambridge University. He is a Visiting Professor at the Institute of Modern International Relations at Tsinghua University and a Senior Fellow at the China Institute, Fudan University. Follow him on twitter @martjacques. opinion@globaltimes.com.cn

 

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Why are they choosing to speak up for Asians？





反仇视亚裔浪潮席卷全美 “人权灯塔”为何常年灯下黑？20210330 |《今日关注》

 

 

Children attend a March 17 vigil at Clemente Park in Lowell, Massachusetts, for the victims of the shooting spree in Atlanta. Erin Clark/The Boston Globe via Getty Images

 

MY sister and her husband, both senior citizens, are very cautious about going out.

It’s not just because of Covid-19. It’s because they fear being victims of a hate crime in their country for simply being Chinese. The country? Australia.

Which is ironic because they made the difficult decision to leave Malaysia 30 years ago to give their children a better future in a nation they believed would play fair and recognise talent with no quota system based on race.

But anti-Asian sentiments are making headlines everywhere as the number of attacks on people who look “chinky” rise alarmingly in many Western countries.

A study on police records in 16 of the largest American cities showed hate crimes increased 150% against Asian people in 2020. The latest is the March 16 attack on three Atlanta spas that killed six Asian-American women.

In the UK, hate crimes toward Chinese, East and South-East Asians rose 300% in just the first quarter of 2020. In Vancouver, Canada, the number rose from a mere dozen in 2019 to 142 in 2020, a 717% increase.

And an Australian National University survey of more than 3,000 people found 85% of Asian Australians reported at least one instance of discrimination between January and October last year.

My sister and her husband live in Sydney and being sensible people, they wear their face masks whenever they venture out. That has earned them brushes with white idiots who come up to them and deliberately cough in their faces.

The pandemic, because of its assumed origins in China, has brought out latent, long-simmering resentment, prejudice, even jealousy towards Asians in Western countries.

Asian immigrants, notably the Chinese, because of their capacity for hard work and determination to succeed, created backlashes wherever they landed in droves.

The United States and Australia treated the Chinese badly. Brought in to work on building America’s railroads, they were accused of stealing jobs from the whites. Chinese gold miners in Australia faced the same accusation. Both countries enacted anti-Chinese immigration laws; the US Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the White Australia Policy of 1901 to 1911.

The second half of the 20th century was a better time for Asians in the West with the rise of human and minority rights but racism never completely went away.

Emboldened by former president Donald Trump’s four years of insane leadership, the racists in America wormed their way out of the woodwork to wreak havoc on the country’s race relations, particularly in the treatment of black Americans.

Covid-19 gave them the perfect ammunition to revive old hatred towards Chinese people and fuel resentment against China’s rise as a superpower. Since they can’t tell us apart, all East Asians are attacked.

The hate crimes spurred The Washington Post to look at past episodes of a similar nature. One was the 1900 outbreak of bubonic plague in San Francisco in which the Chinese community was made the scapegoat:

“It is likely that the outbreak began with a ship from Australia, but since the first stateside victim was a Chinese immigrant, the whole community was blamed for it. The episode was a prelude to the racism that has been aimed at Asian Americans during the coronavirus pandemic... Trump frequently called it ‘the China virus, ’ ‘the Wuhan virus, ’ and the ‘Kung Flu’.”

What hit me hard was what theconversation.com had to say:

“Research has found that most Americans assume a person of Asian descent is foreign-born, unless there is some aspect of their appearance that clearly marks them as American – such as being overweight.” (This is hilarious, I must say.)

“Asian Americans of all types experience this perception of being ‘forever foreigners’ in a wide range of ways. Regardless of whether some or all – or none – of these latest assaults on Asian Americans are proved to be hate crimes or not, race plays a historic role.”

“Forever foreigners”. Now doesn’t that make you think of how Malaysian Chinese (and Indians) are forever called pendatang? Indeed, race plays a huge role in our history too, and still does.

It was just last month that HRH Sultan Ibrahim Sultan Iskandar felt the need to say that where Johor is concerned, the Chinese are not pendatang but guests invited in by his forefathers dating back to the 16th century to help develop the state.

“They are the ‘Bangsa Johor’ – just like the Malays, Indians and others, who are all Malaysians, ” he was quoted as saying in the interview with Sunday Star (“’The Chinese are not pendatang’”, Feb 21; online at bit.ly/star_chinese).

That was a nice gesture but as Sabahan anthropologist Dr Vilashini Somiah writes in The Evolution of Pendatang on newnaratif.com, the word meaning immigrant, which was originally neutral and without political insinuations, has evolved since the late 1970s to become derogatory and disparaging.

She says the word has been weaponised and “Today, pendatang is used by Malaysian politicians as an exclusionary tool of identity politics” and as a divisive and exclusionary insult by members of the public.

As an example, Dr Somiah recounts the 2010 incident in which a school head called all non-Muslim students “pendatang” and told them to “balik” (return) to their “country”.

That same taunt to go back to China was thrown at Asians in Western countries since the start of the pandemic. We have had none of that in our part of the world.

I did not fear being spat at or coughed on by fellow non-Chinese Malaysians. For once, in a country that is obsessed with race and where every form requires us to state our ethnicity, that did not seem to matter in the fight against the coronavirus.

Malaysians have been fortunate that no major racial riots have taken place since May 13,1969, but the reality is, our race relations have been fraying for decades.

Time and time again, certain politicians have shamelessly alluded to the possibility of another May 13 whenever they felt the need to warn “immigrant” Malaysians not to be too demanding of their rights.

The anxiety my sister feels now in Australia will surely pass and hopefully they remain safe from harm. But this ugly period will not make them regret their decision to emigrate. After all, their sacrifices paid off as their children are doing very well in Sydney.

The most important thing is racism is no longer institutionalised or legitimised in that country.

Australia has laws that make it a crime to discriminate on the basis of age, disability, race and sex in certain areas of public life, including education and employment.

Even that is not seen to be enough after the spate of pandemic-induced racist attacks and there are calls now to “simplify and strengthen Australia’s racial discrimination and vilification processes... to properly protect victims”.

On the other hand, in Malaysia, where it has long been recognised that racial polarisation has increased while racial and religious tolerance has ebbed, the previous short-lived government did plan to table a Religious and Racial Hatred Act to curb the growing number of such cases, particularly on social media.

Back in 2018, the then Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department (Religion) Mujahid Yusof Rawa said the law was to “ensure that our multi-religious and multiracial society is protected from being insulted and belittled”.

But in August 2020, Perikatan Nasional’s National Unity Minister Datuk Halimah Mohamed Sadique told the Dewan Rakyat that there would be no new law as existing ones are able to look after interracial and religious harmony in the country.

I wish I could believe she’s right but as a born and bred Malaysian of Chinese descent who has no desire to call anywhere else home, I think more can be done.

For one, I would like to see calling someone like me a pendatang forever banished.

The views expressed here are entirely the writer’s own.

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中美高层战略对话在即 美不行待客之道 中方严正回应！ 20210319 |《今日关注》CCTV中文国际 中国核心利益没有退让余地 中美需避免零和博弈管控分歧 20210320 |《今日关注》CCTV中文国际  .

 

Searching for Covid-19’s origin

China aid offers Covid-19 vaccine assistance to 80 countries

The first batch of Chinese-donated COVID-19 vaccine doses is unloaded from a plane at Robert Mugabe International Airport in Harare, Zimbabwe on Feb 15, 2021. Photo/Xinhua] 

Vaccine assistance is first large-scale effort of its kind

China is providing and will offer vaccine assistance to 80 countries and three international organizations, the first large-scale assistance of its kind, the country's International Development Cooperation Agency said on Friday.

The vaccines are being donated to a wide range of countries from five continents in a timely and orderly manner, including 26 in Asia and 34 in Africa, the agency's spokesperson Tian Lin said in an interview.

The country also offered vaccine doses to the African Union, the Arab League and the United Nations Peacekeepers, Tian said.

China has acted swiftly to donate the vaccine doses, he said, adding that the nation is also providing injection devices to countries facing difficulties.

So far, over 60 countries have authorized the registration or emergency use of Chinese vaccines, and many foreign politicians have been inoculated with Chinese vaccines, including the president and prime minister of Hungary, the Pakistani president and Chile's president, which Tian said is a vote of confidence in the security and effectiveness of Chinese vaccines.

China applies the strictest quality control measures with regard to its vaccines and ensures the timely delivery of high-quality vaccines, he said.

The moves aim to implement the promise made by President Xi Jinping at the opening of the 73rd session of the World Health Assembly via video link last year that COVID-19 vaccine development and deployment in China, when available, will be made a global public good.

The ongoing assistance is provided to ensure developing countries have fair and timely access to vaccines, and is based on the pandemic situation and the specific needs of related countries, he said.

China provides the assistance to help developing countries save lives, to which it attaches no political strings and has nothing to do with geopolitics, he said.

China is not a savior, but tries to be a friend in need, a sincere partner to be counted on in times of difficulty, he added.

Tian called for efforts to promote the fair distribution of vaccines around the globe. He noted that while high-income countries have quickly acquired a large number of vaccine doses, there are fewer opportunities for poor nations to obtain vaccines.

He said that China firmly opposes selfish behavior such as hoarding, monopolies and "vaccine nationalism", and hopes the international community will do more that is conducive to global cooperation in combating the pandemic.

Vaccine assistance will not affect domestic inoculation, he said, adding that China always offers foreign aid according to the principle of doing the utmost within its capabilities.

- China Daily/ANN/The Star 

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